Tsogolo la Migolo ya Conical Twin Screw Yafotokozedwa

Migolo ya Conical Twin Screw yakhala yofunika kwambiri pakupanga kwamakono. Kapangidwe kawo kapadera kamapangitsa kuti zinthu zisamayende bwino, kusakanikirana kofananira, komanso kusungunula koyenera, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri popanga zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri. Pazaka makumi ambiri, zomangira zomangira zasintha kwambiri, ndipo kutalika kwa m'mimba mwake (L/D) kuchulukirachulukira kuchokera pa 20:1 mpaka 40:1, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito ziziyenda bwino. Ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri, monga zofufuzira zam'munsi za PAT zogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a Raman, zimapititsa patsogolo kulimba kwa kupanga powunika momwe zinthu ziliri munthawi yeniyeni. Izi zatsopano maloMigolo ya Conical ndi Parallel Twin Screw, pamodzi ndiTapered Twin Screw Barrel ndi Screw, monga zigawo zofunika kwambiri mu extrusion ndi jekeseni akamaumba njira. Kuphatikiza apo, theSingle Parallel Conical Twin Screw Barrelimapereka maubwino apadera pamapulogalamu apadera, kukulitsa kusinthasintha kwa zida zopangira izi.

Zochitika Zaposachedwa mu Migolo ya Conical Twin Screw

Zochitika Zaposachedwa mu Migolo ya Conical Twin Screw

Zotsogola mu Barrel Design

Mapangidwe amakono a mbiya akusintha kagwiridwe ka migolo yamapasa awiri. Mainjiniya akugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira zowonjezera komanso njira zopangira zolondola kuti apange masinthidwe osinthika kwambiri. Kupita patsogolo kumeneku kumathandizira kupanga ma prototyping mwachangu komanso kuzungulira kwachitukuko kwazinthu.

Zindikirani: Kupititsa patsogolo mbiya ya geometry kumapangitsa kuyenda kwa zinthu, kuonetsetsa kuti yunifolomu imasungunuka ndi kusakanikirana.

Gawo la pulasitiki la extrusion lapindula kwambiri ndi zatsopanozi. Mwachitsanzo, ma conEX NG extruders tsopano amapeza zotulukapo kuyambira 80 mpaka 550 lb/hr pambiri komanso mpaka 1000 lb/hr pamapaipi. Kuphatikiza apo, kutchinjiriza kwathunthu kwa migolo kumachepetsa kutayika kwa ma radiation, kumathandizira kuti mphamvu ziziyenda bwino.

Njira Impact pa Kuchita Bwino
Kukweza Magalimoto ndi Magalimoto Systems Imadula kuwononga mphamvu kwambiri, kupulumutsa 10-15% pochotsa ma gearbox osakwanira.
Njira Zotenthetsera Zowonjezera Makina owongolera bwino amadula mphamvu zonse zotenthetsera ndi 10%.
Mapangidwe Okhathamiritsa Ozizira Amachepetsa nthawi yozungulira komanso amachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pochepetsa kuzizira kwambiri.
Kubwezeretsa Kutentha kwa Zinyalala Itha kubwezeretsanso mpaka 15% ya mphamvu zomwe zidatayika, kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito.

Zida Zochita Kwambiri ndi Kukhalitsa

Kukhazikika kwa ma conical twin screw migolo kwafika patali chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchitozida zapamwamba. Opanga tsopano akugwiritsa ntchito ma alloys apamwamba omwe amapereka mphamvu zapadera zamakina, kukana kwa torque, komanso kukana ma deformation. Zidazi zimatsimikizira kuti migoloyo imatha kupirira kutentha komanso kupanikizika panthawi yogwira ntchito.

  • Mphamvu zamakina: Zofunikira polimbana ndi mikangano ndi dzimbiri.
  • Torque Resistance: Zofunikira pakukonza zinthu mosalekeza pansi pamikhalidwe yothamanga kwambiri.
  • Kukana kwa Deformation: Imasunga magwiridwe antchito pansi pazovuta kwambiri, kuonetsetsa kuti pulasitiki ikugwira bwino.

Kupanga zinthuzi kwachepetsanso ndalama zothandizira ogwiritsa ntchito, popeza migoloyo tsopano imakhala ndi moyo wautali. Mgwirizano wanzeru pakati pa opanga ndi mabungwe ochita kafukufuku ukufulumizitsa kupanga njira zokhazikika.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu Mwachangu ndi Kukhathamiritsa Mtengo

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwamphamvu kwasanduka mwala wapangodya waukadaulo wamakono wa conical twin screw barrel. Opanga akuphatikiza kukana komanso ma synchronous motors, omwe akuti amasunga mpaka 20% pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Makina otenthetsera ndi kuziziritsa bwino amapititsa patsogolo mphamvu mwa kuchepetsa nthawi yozungulira ndikuchepetsa kuwononga mphamvu.

  • Kuchulukitsa kwa pulasitiki, kuchokera ku 104 g / s mpaka 120 g / s, kwawonedwa.
  • Nthawi zochira zatsika kuchokera pa masekondi 18 kufika pa masekondi 9 okha.
  • Nthawi zonse zozungulira zachepetsedwa kuchoka pa masekondi 30 kufika pa masekondi 15.

Kusintha kumeneku sikungochepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito komanso kumagwirizana ndi kufunikira kokulirapo kwa njira zokhazikika zopangira.

Kusintha Mwamakonda Antchito Okhazikika Pamakampani

Kufunika kwa migolo yamapasa osinthika makonda kukukwera m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Mayankho ogwirizana tsopano akupezeka kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zapadera zamagawo monga mankhwala, mapulasitiki, ndi masinthidwe a polima.

Mbali/Phindu Kufotokozera
Intelligent Monitoring Technology Imakulitsa magwiridwe antchito pokonzanso makina osindikizira omwe alipo, kuthana ndi zolephera.
Smart Control Systems Imayatsa kusintha kolondola kwa kutentha, kuthamanga, ndi liwiro la screw kuti mupeze zotsatira zabwino kwambiri.
Mphamvu Mwachangu Zimaphatikizanso njira zoyendetsera mphamvu zamagetsi, kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito komanso kuwononga chilengedwe.
Optimized Screw Geometry Amachepetsa kutaya mphamvu, kuonetsetsa kutembenuka kwamphamvu kwa mawotchi kukhala mphamvu yotentha.
Kusinthasintha Imalola kusintha kwa ma diameter a migolo kuti kukhathamiritsa mitengo yotulutsa komanso kusungunuka kwabwino.
Ubwino Wosasinthika Wotulutsa Imatsimikizira mtundu wofanana ndi kukhazikika kwa mawonekedwe kudzera pa liwiro lowongolera ndi torque.

Msika wa Feed Screw Barrel ukukula kwambiri chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kumeneku. Makina ochita bwino kwambiri komanso magawo olondola ayamba kukhala ofunikira pakukonza zinthu zovuta, zomwe zikuyendetsa kufunikira kwa mayankho osinthidwa makonda.

Zatsopano Zofunikira mu Conical Twin Screw Barrel Technology

Zatsopano Zofunikira mu Conical Twin Screw Barrel Technology

Digitalization ndi Smart Controls

Digitalization yasintha magwiridwe antchito a conical twin screw barrel, zomwe zimathandizira opanga kuti akwaniritse milingo yolondola kwambiri komanso yogwira ntchito zomwe sizinachitikepo. Masensa apamwamba kwambiri tsopano amayang'anira magawo ofunikira monga kuchuluka kwa ma throughput, kupanga torque, ndi mavalidwe azinthu munthawi yeniyeni. Masensa awa amapereka zidziwitso zotheka, zomwe zimalola ogwiritsa ntchito kusintha mwachangu kuti akwaniritse magwiridwe antchito.

Makina owongolera anzeru, oyendetsedwa ndiukadaulo wamapasa a digito, amatsanzira ntchito yonse yopanga. Kupanga kumeneku kumathandizira opanga kulosera zovuta zomwe zingagwire ntchito, kuzindikira zolepheretsa, ndikuchepetsa kuyimitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, makampani ngati ExxonMobil agwiritsa ntchito bwino mapasa a digito kuti apititse patsogolo kukonza mapulani komanso kukonza zisankho. Ma analytics olosera amawongoleranso machitidwewa, kupangitsa ndandanda yabwinoko yokonza ndikuchepetsa nthawi yopuma.

Zopindulitsa zazikulu za digito ndi:

  • Ma analytics a nthawi yeniyenizosintha mwachangu.
  • Kukonza motengera momwe zinthu zilirikuwonjezera moyo wa zida.
  • Kukonzekera bwino kwa ntchitokudzera muzowoneratu.

Kupititsa patsogolo uku kumatsimikizira kuti conical twin screw barrel imakhalabe mwala wapangodya pakupanga kwamakono, kumapereka zotsatira zofananira pamagwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana.

Makonzedwe Okonzekera Zolosera

Njira zokonzeratu zolosera zasintha momwe opanga amayendetsera zida zawo. Pogwiritsa ntchito masensa ambiri komanso kusanthula kwanthawi yeniyeni, makinawa amawunika magawo osiyanasiyana kuti athe kuyembekezera zomwe zingachitike zisanachuluke. Njirayi imachepetsa nthawi yosakonzekera ndipo imachepetsa ndalama zowonongeka kwambiri.

Kafukufuku wam'makampani amawonetsa kuthekera kokonzekera zolosera:

Makampani/kampani Kufotokozera Zotsatira Kuchepetsa Nthawi Yopuma / Mtengo
Woyendetsa Fleet 25% yatsika pakuwonongeka komwe kumabweretsa kubweretsa mwachangu komanso kutsika mtengo wokonzanso. 25% kuchepa kwa kuwonongeka
Kampani ya Mafuta ndi Gasi Anapulumutsa mamiliyoni poyembekezera zovuta za zida, m'malo mwa kukonza mwadzidzidzi. Kupulumutsa ndalama kwakukulu
Wothandizira Wopanga Mphamvu Chepetsani kuzimitsa kosakonzekera ndi 30%, kukonza nthawi yokwanira ya katundu. 30% kuchepetsa kuzimayima
General Motors (GM) Kuchepetsa nthawi yosayembekezereka ndi 15%, kupulumutsa $20 miliyoni pachaka. 15% kuchepetsa nthawi yopuma

Pamigolo ya ma conical twin screw, kukonza zolosera kumatsimikizira kugwira ntchito bwino pothana ndi kutha ndi kung'ambika mwachangu. Dongosololi silimangowonjezera nthawi ya moyo wa zida komanso kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zokolola zonse.

Zokhazikika Zokhazikika

Kukhazikika kwakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga ukadaulo wa conical twin screw barrel. Opanga akugwiritsa ntchito zida zokomera zachilengedwe komanso njira zochepetsera zinyalala kuti akwaniritse zofunikira pakuwongolera komanso zomwe makasitomala amayembekeza. Zatsopanozi zikugwirizana ndi kukakamiza kwapadziko lonse kwa machitidwe opanga zobiriwira.

Kupita patsogolo kwa matekinoloje opaka utoto komanso kapangidwe ka aloyi kwawonjezera kukhazikika kwa migolo iyi. Zovala zapamwamba zimachepetsa kukangana ndi kuvala, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu panthawi yogwira ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, machitidwe obwezeretsa kutentha kwa zinyalala amabwezeranso mpaka 15% ya mphamvu zomwe zidatayika, ndikuchepetsa kwambiri ndalama zogwirira ntchito.

Zofunikira zokhazikika ndizo:

  • Eco-friendly zipangizozomwe zimachepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe.
  • Mapangidwe osagwiritsa ntchito mphamvukuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu.
  • Njira zochepetsera zinyalalakwa njira zoyeretsera zopangira.

Izi zimawonetsetsa kuti conical twin screw barrel imakhalabe yankho labwino kwa mafakitale omwe akufuna kulinganiza magwiridwe antchito ndi udindo wa chilengedwe.

Mapangidwe a Modular ndi Kusinthasintha

Mapangidwe a modular abweretsa njira yatsopano yosinthira ku ma conical twin screw barrel system. Mapangidwe awa amalola opanga kusintha mbiya ndi zomangira kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera, kuwonetsetsa kuti magwiridwe antchito amayenda bwino pamafakitale osiyanasiyana. Njira zowonjezera zopangira ndi zopangira zolondola zapititsa patsogolo kusinthika uku, kupangitsa kuti ma prototyping mwachangu komanso kugulitsa zinthu zatsopano.

Ntchito zomwe zikubwera popanga mankhwala ndi kusintha kwa ma polima zapangitsa kuti pakhale kuwongolera kokulirapo pazigawo zogwirira ntchito. Mapangidwe a modular amakwaniritsa zosowazi polola kusintha kwa migolo ya migolo, masinthidwe a screw, ndi makina otenthetsera. Kusinthasintha kumeneku kumatsimikizira kusasinthika kotulutsa komanso kuchita bwino.

Metric Mtengo
CAGR ikuyembekezeka 5%
Munthawi Zaka zisanu zotsatira
Zofunika Kwambiri Kupititsa patsogolo njira zopangira, kukula kwa mafakitale, kugwiritsa ntchito ma alloys apamwamba, njira zopangira zolondola.

Njira yodziyimira payokha sikuti imangowonjezera kusinthasintha kwa migolo yamapasa yamapasa koma imawayikanso ngati njira yotsimikiziranso zamtsogolo zamakampani omwe akufuna kusintha.

Impact Zamakampani a Conical Twin Screw Barrel Advancements

Kuchita Bwino Kwambiri Pakupanga

Zowonjezera muconical twin screw migolozathandiza kwambiri kupanga bwino. Mapangidwe amakono amathandizira kusakanikirana kwazinthu zenizeni kudzera pakumeta ubweya wambiri m'magawo ang'onoang'ono. Izi zimatsimikizira kusakanikirana kofanana ndi kuchepetsa nthawi yokonza. Kuphatikiza apo, kusinthasintha kwa migolo iyi kumapangitsa opanga kugwiritsa ntchito zida zambiri, kuphatikiza mapulasitiki ovuta kukonzanso.

Mtengo wa Metric/Cost Kufotokozera
Kusakaniza Kowonjezera ndi Kukonza Ma Twin screw extruder amapereka kumeta ubweya wambiri muzowonjezera zazing'ono kuti zisakanize zenizeni.
Kusinthasintha mu Kukonza Zinthu Wotha kukonza zinthu zambiri, kuphatikiza mapulasitiki ovuta kukonzanso.
Kuchepetsa Mtengo Amachepetsa mtengo wokhudzana ndi kutaya zinyalala komanso kugula zinthu.
Kupititsa patsogolo Katundu Wazinthu Kutalikitsa kwanthawi yayitali pamapulasitiki osasinthidwanso, kumawonjezera kulimba.

Kuwongolera uku kumathandizira njira zopangira, kumachepetsa nthawi yocheperako, komanso kumathandizira magwiridwe antchito onse.

Kuchepetsa Mtengo ndi Kuchepetsa Zinyalala

Kuphatikizika kwaukadaulo wapamwamba wa conical twin screw barrel kwachititsa chidwikupulumutsa ndalama. Mwa kukhathamiritsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu komanso kuchepetsa zinyalala, opanga atha kuchepetsa ndalama zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kugula ndi kutaya zinthu. Njira zobwezeretsanso kutentha kwa zinyalala zimathandiziranso kuchepetsa mtengo potenganso mpaka 15% ya mphamvu zomwe zidatayika.

Langizo: Makampani omwe akugwiritsa ntchito matekinolojewa nthawi zambiri amafotokoza za kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ndalama zogwirira ntchito, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala opindulitsa kwambiri kuti athe kukhazikika kwanthawi yayitali.

Kuwonjezeka kwa Mapulogalamu Osiyanasiyana

Kusinthika kwa ma conical twin screw barrel kwatsegula zitseko zamafakitale osiyanasiyana. Migolo imeneyi tsopano ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo monga mankhwala, mapulasitiki, ndi kusintha kwa polima. Kukwanitsa kwawo kupanga zinthu zovuta molongosoka kumawapangitsa kukhala ofunikira kwambiri popanga zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana.

Ntchito zomwe zikubwera zikuphatikiza kupanga ma polima amtundu wamankhwala ndi ma composites apamwamba, pomwe kuwongolera molimba pazigawo zogwirira ntchito ndikofunikira. Kusinthasintha uku kumawonetsetsa kuti migolo yamapasa ya conical imakhalabe yofunikira pamisika yomwe ikusintha.

Kupititsa patsogolo Ubwino Wazinthu ndi Kusasinthika

Mapangidwe apamwamba a mbiya asintha mtundu wazinthu komanso kusasinthika. The JT series single screw mbiya, mwachitsanzo, imachepetsa mapini muzinthu zomalizidwa ndi 90%, kuwonetsetsa kusungunuka kwapamwamba. Izi zimapangitsa kuti filimu ikhale yolimba komanso yosalala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zolimba komanso zodalirika.

  • Mapangidwewa amaonetsetsa kuti chinyezi chikhale chokhazikika kuti chikhale chokwanira.
  • Zida zowunikira zenizeni zenizeni, monga NIR ndi Raman spectroscopy, zimapereka mayankho anthawi yomweyo pamakhalidwe abwino.
  • Kuphatikizika kophatikizika kophatikizika ndi kugawa kukula kwa granule kumathandizira magwiridwe antchito onse.
Yesani Kufotokozera
Chinyezi Kuyang'aniridwa kuonetsetsa mulingo woyenera kwambiri granulation zinthu.
API Content Uniformity Amawunikidwa kuti azisunga zokhazikika zogawa zamagulu amankhwala.
Blend Uniformity Kuwunikiridwa kuonetsetsa homogeneity mu osakaniza pamaso granulation.
Granule Kukula Kugawa Magawo a D10, D50, ndi D90 amawunikidwa kuti awone kusiyana kwa kukula kwa tinthu.
Solid State of Active Ingredient Kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito yogwira ikugwira ntchito panthawi yonseyi.

Kupita patsogolo kumeneku kukuwonetsa kusintha kwa ma conical twin screw barrel pakupanga, kuwonetsetsa kuti zotuluka zikuyenda bwino ndikukwaniritsa miyezo yolimba yamakampani.

Zovuta ndi Mwayi Mumsika wa Conical Twin Screw Barrel

Kugonjetsa Mtengo Wokwera Woyamba

Kukwera mtengo koyambirira nthawi zambiri kumalepheretsa opanga kutengera zapamwambaconical twin screw migolo. Komabe, ndalamazi zitha kuchepetsedwa ndi zopindulitsa zanthawi yayitali monga kuchepetsedwa kwa ndalama zolipirira komanso kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito. Makampani akuchulukirachulukira kupereka njira zopezera ndalama ndi mapulogalamu obwereketsa kuti matekinolojewa athe kupezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, kupita patsogolo kwa njira zopangira, monga zopangira zowonjezera, kwachepetsa mtengo wopangira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti migolo iyi ikhale yotsika mtengo.

Langizo: Kuyika ndalama m'migolo yapamwamba kumachepetsa nthawi yopuma komanso kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zokolola, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri zowononga nthawi.

Kuthana ndi Kuperewera kwa Maluso Ogwira Ntchito

Makampaniwa akukumana ndi kusowa kwa antchito aluso omwe angathe kugwira ntchito ndi kusamaliramakina apamwamba. Kuti athane ndi izi, opanga akukhazikitsa mapulogalamu ophunzitsira ndikupereka ziphaso kwa ogwira ntchito zapamwamba. Makina owongolera komanso owongolera mwanzeru amachepetsanso kudalira kuchitapo kanthu pamanja, kufewetsa ntchito kwa anthu omwe sakudziwa zambiri. Zoyeserera izi zimatsimikizira kuti ogwira ntchito amakhalabe okonzeka kuthana ndi ukadaulo wopita patsogolo.

Kukula M'misika Yotukuka

Misika yomwe ikubwera ikupereka mwayi wokulirapo wa ma conical twin screw migolo. Makampani akuyang'ana madera omwe akufunika kwambiri komanso mpikisano wocheperako kuti awonjezere gawo lawo lamsika.

  • Misika yomwe ikukula mwachangu ya mapampu awiri opondera ikuwonetsa kuthekera kofanana kwa migolo yamapasa yamapasa.
  • Kusefa zomwe zimachokera kumayiko ndi kukula kumathandizira kuzindikira madera omwe akuyembekeza.
  • Njira zimayang'ana pakulowa m'misika yomwe ikufunika kwambiri matekinoloje opangira ma extrusion ndi jakisoni.

Izi zipangitsa opanga kuti agwiritse ntchito mwayi womwe sunagwiritsidwe ntchito m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene.

Mgwirizano ndi Mwayi Watsopano

Kugwirizana pakati pa opanga ndi opanga ukadaulo kumayendetsa zatsopano mumakampani a conical twin screw barrel. Mapulojekiti ochita bwino a co-innovation akuwonetsa kuthekera kochepetsera ndalama komanso kukonza bwino.

Kampani Ma Metrics Opambana
Makampani a Upstream Yapulumutsa $5 pa mbiya iliyonse yamafuta ofanana ndi matekinoloje ofufuza ndi kubowola.
Makampani a Downstream Imasungidwa kuposa $1 pa mbiya imodzi kwinaku ikukulitsa kupezeka kwa katundu ndi phindu.
Malingaliro a kampani Woodside Energy Kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndi 30% pogwiritsa ntchito AI ndi makina.
Kampani ya Mafuta ya Kuwait Zolinga zopanga zotsogola bwino pogwiritsa ntchito njira zodzipangira okha ndi kayendedwe ka ntchito.
Chevron Kuwongolera kasamalidwe ka portfolio kuti apereke chidziwitso chotheka kuti mugwirizane bwino.

Mgwirizanowu umawonetsa kusintha kwa ukatswiri ndi zida zomwe zimagawana, ndikuyambitsa kupita patsogolo kwamakampani.


Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wa conical twin screw barrel kwasinthanso njira zopangira. Zatsopano pamapangidwe, zida, ndi digito zimatsimikizira kuchita bwino komanso kukhazikika.

Migolo iyi imayendetsa kulondola komanso kupulumutsa mphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale amakono. Tsogolo lawo lagona pakupangitsa kuti pakhale zobiriwira pomwe akwaniritsa zofunikira zosiyanasiyana.

Opanga akupitiriza kufufuza zotheka zatsopano, kuonetsetsa kuti makampani akukula kwa nthawi yaitali.

FAQ

Ndi mafakitale ati omwe amapindula kwambiri ndi ma conical twin screw barrels?

Migolo ya conical twin screw imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapulasitiki, mankhwala, ndi mafakitale osintha ma polima. Kusinthasintha kwawo kumatsimikizira kukonza bwino kwa zinthu zovuta pakugwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana.

Kodi ma modular design amathandizira bwanji kupanga?

Mapangidwe a modular amalola opanga kusintha mbiya ndi zomangira pazofuna zinazake. Kusinthasintha kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino, zimachepetsa nthawi yopumira, ndikuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino.

Kodi ma conical twin screw barrels ndi ogwirizana ndi chilengedwe?

Inde, mapangidwe amakono amaphatikizapo zipangizo zokometsera zachilengedwe, machitidwe osagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ndi njira zochepetsera zinyalala. Zinthu izi zimagwirizana ndi zolinga zokhazikika padziko lonse lapansi ndikuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe.


Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-06-2025