Ukadaulo wa Twin screw extruder umapereka kusanganikirana kwapamwamba komanso kutulutsa kwapamwamba, kupangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino pantchito zamapulasitiki. Single screw extruder amakhalabe otchuka chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwawo komanso kuchita bwino. Kukula kwa msika kumawonetsa kufunikira kwakukulu, mafakitale monga zonyamula katundu ndi magalimoto amadalira makinawa kuti apange zinthu zazikulu.Ma Twin Parallel Screw Barrel SupplierndiZopangira Mapasa Awiri Zopangira Pulasitiki Extruderskuonetsetsa zotsatira zogwirizana, pameneConical Twin Screw Twin Screwmapangidwe amawonjezera kusinthasintha.
Mfundo Zogwirira Ntchito ndi Kusiyana kwa Mapangidwe
Kusintha kwa Twin Screw Extruder
Twin screw extruders ntchitozomangira ziwiri intermeshingzomwe zimazungulira pamodzi mkati mwa mbiya. Zomangira izi zimatha kuzungulirana kapena kusinthasintha, kutengera ntchito. Mapangidwewa amalola kusakaniza kwapamwamba ndi kuphatikizika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kukonza zipangizo zosiyanasiyana. Mainjiniya amatha kusintha screw diameter, mbiri, ndi mbiya geometry kuti akwaniritse kuchuluka kwa zotulutsa ndi mtundu wazinthu. Kupanga migolo ya modular ndi njira zowongolera zapamwamba zimathandiza kusunga kutentha ndi kupanikizika. Zinthu izi zimathandizira kufananiza kwazinthu komanso mawonekedwe amakina, makamaka pamagwiritsidwe ntchito ngatiKupanga mapaipi a PVC.
Zindikirani:Mapangidwe a intermeshing amachulukitsa kusakaniza bwino ndikuthandizira kudziyeretsa, zomwe zimachepetsa nthawi yopuma.
Single Screw Extruder Design
Single screw extruder ali ndi mapangidwe osavuta okhala ndi helical screw imodzi mkati mwa mbiya. Kapangidwe kameneka kamagwiritsa ntchito zigawo zochepa zosuntha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kugwira ntchito ndi kukonza. Zomangira zimakankhira zinthu patsogolo makamaka kudzera mumayendedwe okoka, omwe amagwira ntchito bwino pamakina oyenda osasunthika. Kuziziritsa kwa mkati ndi ulusi wa makona anayi kumathandiza kusamalira kutentha ndi kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito ikukhazikika. Kukula kophatikizika ndi kapangidwe kowongoka kumapangitsa kuti ma screw extruder amodzi akhale okwera mtengo komanso oyenera kupanga zazikulu.
Mafotokozedwe a Design / Cost Factor | Single Screw Extruder Makhalidwe |
---|---|
Kuphweka mu Kupanga | Zigawo zochepa zosuntha, zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukonza |
Capital ndi Ndalama Zogwirira Ntchito | Kuchepetsa ndalama zogulira ndi kukonza |
Mphamvu Mwachangu | Imawononga mphamvu zochepa pa ntchito zosavuta |
Kusamalira | Mwamsanga disassembly ndi kuyeretsa |
Kupititsa patsogolo | High kwa zipangizo zosavuta |
Kuyenda kwa Zinthu ndi Kusakaniza Njira
Kuthamanga kwazinthu mu struder yamapasa kumaphatikizapo kukoka, kuthamanga kwa kuthamanga, ndi kutuluka kwa mpweya. Zomangira za intermeshing zimapanga kukameta ubweya ndi kukanda, zomwe zimapangitsa kusakanikirana ndi kubalalitsidwa kowonjezera. Zomangira zozungulira zimathandizira kusakanikirana bwino ndikuthandizira kuwongolera kutentha, kuchepetsa chiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa zinthu. Mosiyana ndi izi, ma screw extruder amodzi amadalira kwambiri kukoka, komwe kumachepetsa kusakanikirana koma kumatsimikizira kutulutsa kosasunthika kwa zida zosavuta. Screw geometry, liwiro, ndi kukhuthala kwa zinthu zonse zimakhudza kuyenda ndi kusakanikirana.
Degassing ndi Zodziyeretsa Zodziyeretsa
Ma struder a Twin screw extruder amapambana pakuchotsa mpweya chifukwa zomangira za intermeshing zimawonjezera malo otulutsa mpweya. Makina ena amathandizira ntchito yochotsa mpweya mpaka 500% poyerekeza ndi mapangidwe a screw imodzi. Zinthu zodziyeretsa, monga kudzipukuta pawokha, zimathandizira kusasinthika kwazinthu komanso kuchepetsa nthawi yopumira. Njira zosefera zapamwamba komanso kuwongolera bwino kwa magawo a extrusion kumathandiziranso izi. Single screw extruder imapereka kuyeretsa kolunjika chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kosavuta, koma sikufanana ndi kutulutsa bwino kwa makina amapasa.
Kufananiza Magwiridwe
Kusakaniza Mphamvu ndi Homogeneity
Kusakaniza khalidwe kumayima ngati chinthu chofotokozera mu ntchito ya extrusion. Ma Twin screw extruder amapereka kusakaniza kwapamwamba chifukwa cha zomangira zawo ziwiri zolumikizirana. Zomangira izi zimabalalitsa ndikugawa zowonjezera bwino, kutulutsa kusungunuka kofanana. Njira yodzipukuta yokha pakati pa zomangira imalepheretsa kupanga zinthu ndikuonetsetsa kusakanikirana kokwanira. Mu maphunziro ankalamulira, amapasa wononga extruders anatulutsa youma ufa pokoka zosakaniza ndikusakaniza kufanana ndi ntchito ya aerosolwofanana kapena wabwino kuposa kusakaniza kwameta ubweya wambiri. Ofufuza adapeza kuti magawo opangira zinthu monga liwiro la screw ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya sikunakhudze kwambiri kusasinthika kwa chinthu chomaliza. Kulimba kumeneku kumathandizira opanga kuti akwaniritse zosakaniza zofananira komanso mtundu wokhazikika wazinthu, ngakhale ndi zovuta kupanga.
Ma Twin screw extruder amalola kusintha kwa mphamvu zosakaniza posintha ma screw profiles ndi zinthu. Kusinthasintha kumeneku kumathandizira kukhathamiritsa kwa zida ndi ntchito zina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kufalikira komanso kusakanikirana kofanana.
Kupititsa patsogolo ndi Kusasinthasintha kwa Zotuluka
Kusasinthasintha kwazomwe zimapangidwira komanso zotulutsa ndizofunikira kwambiri popanga mafakitale. Twin screw extruders amakwaniritsamitengo yopitilira muyesondi kukonza zipangizo mogwira mtima kuposa zitsanzo wononga imodzi. Amasunga ndondomeko yolondola, yomwe imatsogolera ku khalidwe lokhazikika la mankhwala ndi zolakwika zochepa. Tebulo ili m'munsiyi ikufotokoza mwachidule kusiyana kwakukulu:
Mtundu wa Extruder | Makhalidwe Athu | Makhalidwe Osasinthasintha |
---|---|---|
Twin screw extruder | Kupititsa patsogolo; kukonza bwino; mphamvu zopatsa mphamvu | Kuwongolera njira zolondola; kusanganikirana kwapamwamba; kusasinthasintha mankhwala khalidwe; zolakwika zochepa komanso kuwononga ndalama zochepa |
Single screw extruder | Kutulutsa kwapakatikati; zosavuta komanso zotsika mtengo | Zovuta ndi kusasinthasintha kwamphamvu; kuthekera kochepa kosanganikirana; kuthekera kogawa zinthu zosagwirizana ndi zolakwika zazinthu |
Single screw extruder imatha kukumana ndi kusinthasintha kwapakatikati komanso zolepheretsa kuyenda kwazinthu, zomwe zingakhudze kutulutsa kofanana. Komano, ma twin screw extruder amapereka magwiridwe antchito okhazikika komanso zotsatira zodalirika, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kupanga zazikulu.
Kusamalira Zinthu ndi Kusinthasintha
Kugwira ndi kusinthasintha kwazinthu zimatsimikizira momwe extruder imasinthira kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana zopangira ndi mapangidwe. Twin screw extruder amapambana pokonza ufa, zinthu zovuta kudyetsa, ndi zosakanikirana zovuta. Amapereka kusanganikirana kwapamwamba komanso kugawa, kumagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, ndikuphatikiza zowonjezera zingapo mosavuta. Table ili m'munsiyi ikuwonetsa kusiyanitsa uku:
Mbali | Single Screw Extruder | Twin Screw Extruder |
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Fomu Yofunika | Zabwino kwa ma pellets ndi granules | Zabwino kwa ufa ndi zida zovuta kudyetsa |
Kusakaniza Mphamvu | Zochepa pakusakaniza kogawa | Kusakaniza kwapamwamba kwa dispersive ndi kugawa |
Kutentha Kutentha | Nthawi yotalikirapo yokhala | Nthawi yocheperako, yolamulidwa kwambiri |
Zotsatira Additive Incorporation | Basic additive incorporation | Imagwira ma formulations ovuta okhala ndi zowonjezera zambiri |
Viscosity Range | Chiwerengero chochepa | Lonse mamasukidwe akayendedwe osiyanasiyana luso |
Ma Twin screw extruder amaperekanso njira zowongolera, kuphatikiza kuwongolera bwino kutentha ndi nthawi zazifupi zokhala. Zinthuzi zimapindula ndi zipangizo zowononga kutentha komanso maphikidwe ovuta. Single screw extruder amakhalabe otsika mtengo komanso odalirika pama pellets yunifolomu koma alibe kusinthasintha komansoluso kusanganikirana patsogoloya mapasa screw systems.
Kuchita bwino kwa Degassing
Degassing imachotsa mpweya wotsekeka ndi chinyezi kuchokera kuzinthu panthawi ya extrusion. Ma Twin screw extruder amapereka ntchito yabwino yochotsera gasi chifukwa cha kapangidwe kawo ka intermeshing screw, komwe kumawonjezera malo otulutsa mpweya. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira kuyeretsedwa kwazinthu zambiri kapena akamakonza zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi mpweya. Kuchotsa mpweya wowonjezera kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zochepa komanso kuti zinthu zikhale bwino. Single screw extruder imapereka degassing koma sangafanane ndi mphamvu ya ma screw extruder pamapulogalamu omwe akufuna.
Kudziyeretsa ndi Kusamalira
Zinthu zodzitchinjiriza zimachepetsa nthawi yochepetsera komanso kumathandizira kukonza. Ma Twin screw extruder amagwiritsa ntchito zopukutira zodzipukutira kuti asamangidwe ndikuthandizira kupitiliza kugwira ntchito. Deta yoyesera ikuwonetsa kuti kusintha magawo a extruder monga m'lifupi ndi kutalika kwa wosanjikiza kumatha kupangitsa kuti pakhale kuuma komanso kunyowa, kumathandizira kudziyeretsa. Zida monga ma thermoplastic elastomers amawonetsa manambala odziyeretsa okha, zomwe zimatanthawuza kuyeretsa pang'ono pamanja komanso kutsika mtengo wokonza. Single screw extruder ndi yosavuta kugawaniza ndi kuyeretsa chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kosavuta, koma samapereka mulingo wofanana wodziyeretsa wokha ngati makina opangira mapasa.
Kukonza nthawi zonse ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa extruder kumathandizira kukhalabe ndi magwiridwe antchito komanso kuwonjezera moyo wa zida.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kuyenerera
Pulasitiki Twin Screw Extruder Application
A pulasitiki mapasa wononga extruderimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamafakitale zomwe zimafuna kusakanikirana kwapamwamba, kuwongolera kolondola, komanso kusinthasintha. Opanga amagwiritsa ntchito makinawa pophatikiza, kupanga masterbatch, kusakaniza kwa polima, ndi kukonza mapulasitiki obwezerezedwanso. Mapangidwe a modular amalola mainjiniya kuti asinthe ma screw profiles pazinthu zinazake, kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito komanso mtundu wazinthu. Makampani omwe ali m'magawo agalimoto ndi zomangamanga amadalira ma screw extruder omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri. Malipoti aumisiri amawunikira kusintha kwa kapangidwe kazinthu komanso mtundu wa fomula, makamaka pamagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati kusintha kwa pulasitiki yauinjiniya ndi kukonza zinthu zobwezerezedwanso. Msika wa mbiya wa extruder ukupitilirabe kusinthika, ndikuchulukirachulukira kwa mapasa ndi ma multi-screw extruder m'magawo okwera kwambiri komanso ofunikira kwambiri monga mankhwala ndi kukonza zakudya.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Bwino Kwa Single Screw Extruder
Single screw extruderskhalanibe chisankho chokondedwa cha ntchito zosavuta, zopanga zambiri. Makinawa amachita bwino kwambiri popanga zinthu zosasinthasintha, zouma, monga pasitala, chakudya chamagulu a ziweto, komanso zokhwasula-khwasula zochokera ku mpunga. Mapangidwe awo osavuta amaonetsetsa kuti ndalama zochepa zosamalira komanso zogwirira ntchito zichepa. Tebulo ili m'munsiyi likufotokozera mwachidule zochitika zabwino kwambiri zogwiritsira ntchito:
Mtundu wa Zamalonda | Mtundu Wokondedwa Wowonjezera | Kukambitsirana |
---|---|---|
Pasitala | Single Screw | Kukonzekera kosavuta kowuma, kusakaniza kochepa |
Basic Pet Food | Single kapena Twin Screw | Ntchito zonse ziwiri, screw imodzi ndiyotsika mtengo |
Zakudya Zam'madzi Zophikidwa ndi Mpunga | Single Screw | Kuyika kosasunthika kowuma, kutulutsa kwakukulu |
Wopanga zokhwasula-khwasula akupanga mipira yampunga wodzitukumula anapeza zopangira zopangira zokometsera zokhala ndi maphikidwe osavuta. Komabe, posinthira kuzinthu zamitundu yambiri, amafunikira cholumikizira cholumikizira mapasa kuti asakanize bwino ndikuchepetsa zinyalala.
Zitsanzo za Makampani
- Makampani azakudya monga Nestlé ndi Kellogg amaika ndalama pamakina owonjezera kuti akwaniritse kufunikira kwazakudya zosinthidwa.
- Magawo omanga ndi magalimoto amadalira zida zowonjezera, ndi makampani monga Bausano ndi KraussMaffei omwe amapereka mayankho ogwirizana.
- Kupanga kowonjezera kumaphatikizana ndi extrusion yopangira makonda, monga zikuwonekera ndi CEAD ndi Arburg.
- Kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kazachilengedwe komanso kakhalidwe kazachilengedwe kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zida zotulutsa zosagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi, zomwe zimawonongeka ndi biodegradable-compatible extrusion.
Zaukadaulo, kuphatikiza zodzichitira zokha ndi kulumikizana kwa IoT, zikupitiliza kupititsa patsogolo luso lazopanga komanso mtundu wazinthu m'mafakitale onse.
Malingaliro ogwirira ntchito
Kusavuta Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndi Maphunziro
Othandizira amapeza machitidwe amakono a extruder osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apamwamba owongolera. Machitidwewa amawonetsa zenizeni zenizeni zenizeni, ma alarm, ndi mawonedwe azithunzi, zomwe zimathandiza ogwira ntchito kuyang'anira ndikusintha ndondomekoyi mofulumira. Zofunikira zophunzitsira zimadalira mtundu wa extruder. Single screw extruder ili ndi mawonekedwe osavuta, kotero ogwiritsa ntchito atsopano amatha kuphunzira ntchito zoyambira ndikuthana ndi mavuto pakanthawi kochepa.Mitundu iwiri ya screw extrudersperekani zina zambiri, monga kasamalidwe ka maphikidwe ndi kuthetsa mavuto akutali, zomwe zimafuna maphunziro owonjezera. Makina owongolera okhala ndi zipika za zochitika ndi kusonkhanitsa deta amathandiza ogwira ntchito kuyankha pakusintha kwazinthu ndikusunga mtundu wazinthu.
Langizo: Kuyika ndalama pamaphunziro oyendetsa ntchito kumathandizira kukhazikika kwadongosolo ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha zolakwika.
Kusamalira ndi Kupuma
Kusamalira pafupipafupi kumapangitsa kuti ma extruder aziyenda bwino ndikuwonjezera moyo wawo. Makonzedwe okonza amasiyana pakati pa screw single ndi twin screw extruder. Tebulo ili m'munsiyi ikuwonetsa madera ofunika kwambiri:
Mtundu wa Extruder | Maintenance Focus Areas | Mfundo Zazikulu za Ndandanda |
---|---|---|
Single Screw | Dyetsani kuziziritsa kukhosi, zomangira / mbiya kuvala, thrust bear check check | Mafuta amasintha maola 4,000-5,000 aliwonse |
Twin Screw | Kuyanjanitsa screw, kugawa torque, kuyang'ana gawo la migolo | Dongosolo lozizira limatsukidwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi iliyonse |
Zolemba zosamalira zimatsata kuyendera, kukonzanso, ndi kusintha zina. Zolemba izi zimathandiza magulu kuti aziwona zovuta zomwe zimabwerezedwa ndikukonzekera zopewera. Kukonzekera kodziletsa kungathekuchepetsa nthawi yopuma ndi 45%ndi kuwonjezera zaka ku moyo zipangizo.
- Zolemba zosamalira zimathandizira kuthetsa mavuto ndikukonzekera bwino.
- Kunyalanyaza zolemba kumabweretsa kutsika kwanthawi yayitali ndikukonzanso mobwerezabwereza.
Mtengo ndi Kubwerera pa Investment
Cost and return on Investment (ROI) zimagwira ntchito yayikulu pakusankha ma extruder. Extrusion akamaumba nthawi zambiri amafuna am'munsi ndalama zoyambakuposa njira zina, monga jekeseni akamaumba. Makina opangira makina amachepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito komanso kuwononga zinthu, kupititsa patsogolo kupanga bwino. Kugwira ntchito mosalekeza kumachepetsanso nthawi yopumira, yomwe imathandizira ROI pama projekiti apamwamba kwambiri. Makampani nthawi zambiri amasankha extrusion pazinthu zosavuta kuti ziwongolere ndalama, pomwe zida zovuta, zolondola kwambiri zitha kulungamitsa mitengo yakutsogolo munjira zina. Kuwunika mosamalitsa mtengo wa zida, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, ndi zosowa zantchito zimatsimikizira mtengo wabwino kwambiri wanthawi yayitali.
Chigamulo Chotsogolera
Kusankha Motengera Zosowa Zochita
Kusankha dongosolo loyenera la extruder kumadalira kuunikanso koyenera kwa magwiridwe antchito. Opanga ambiri amagwiritsa ntchitozopangira zisankhozomwe zimaphatikiza kusanthula kwaukadaulo, mitundu yoyerekeza mtengo, ndi zida zothandizidwa ndi AI. Zolinga izi zimathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito kufananiza zosankha malinga ndi mtengo, nthawi yomanga, katundu wakuthupi, ndi zosowa zamakampani. Njira zopangira zisankho zingapo, monga AHP, TOPSIS, ndi VIKOR, zimalola magulu kuti aziwunika kuchuluka kwake komanso momwe zinthu zilili. Ma chatbots a Interactive AI tsopano akupereka chidziwitso chogwirizana, chojambula kuchokera kumagulu akuluakulu ofufuza kuti athandizire zisankho zodziwitsidwa. Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti njira iyi imawongolera kulondola kwa zosankha, ndikuyerekeza mtengo kufananiza kwambiri mawu adziko lapansi a zigawo zosiyanasiyana. Njirayi imapatsa mphamvu ogwiritsa ntchito kupanga zisankho paokha popereka chidziwitso chokwanira, m'malo mokakamiza njira imodzi yokha.
Langizo: Gwiritsani ntchito zida zolumikizirana ndi kafukufuku kuti mufananize magwiridwe antchito, mtengo wake, ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu musanasankhe komaliza.
Mafunso Ofunika Kuwaganizira
Posankha pakati pa asingle screw kapena twin screw extruder, magulu ayenera kubwereza zingapomakina ndi ntchito zinthu:
- Ndi mphamvu ziti zomwe zimayendetsa ndi zopinga zomwe zikuphatikizidwa munjira yotulutsa?
- Ndi makina ati a extrusion omwe angagwirizane bwino ndi pulogalamuyi?
- Kodi mapangidwe a chipinda amakhudza bwanji kuthamanga kwa extrusion ndikuyenda?
- Ndi kasinthidwe kanji kamene kangawongolere zinthu zabwino?
- Kodi zida zapamwamba monga kusakanikirana kwachiwiri kapena kulimbikitsa ndizofunikira?
- Kodi katundu wakuthupi ndi magawo ogwirira ntchito amagwirizana bwanji?
Kuganizira | Single Screw Extruder | Twin Screw Extruder |
---|---|---|
Njira Kusinthasintha | Zosasinthika, zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukonza | Zosinthika kwambiri, zimathandizira kusinthika kokulirapo |
Mtengo Woyamba | Mtengo wotsika wogula | Ndalama zoyambira zapamwamba |
Mtengo Wogwirira Ntchito | Kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu komanso kukonza ndalama | Ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito ndi kukonza |
Kuchita Mwachangu | Kuwongolera kosavuta, zovuta zochepa, zotulutsa zochepa | Kupititsa patsogolo, kusakaniza bwino, kupititsa patsogolo khalidwe la mankhwala |
Kugwirizana kwazinthu | Zoyenera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana | Zabwino panjira zovuta komanso zopanga zapamwamba |
Akatswiri amakampani amalimbikitsa kusanthula zolinga zopangira, mtengo wonse, ndi zofunikira zakuthupi. Kufunsana ndi akatswiri kungathandize kuonetsetsa kuti extruder yosankhidwa ikukwaniritsa zosowa zapano komanso zamtsogolo.
ukadaulo wa Twin screw extruderamathandiza kusanganikirana patsogolo ndi kusinthasintha kwa processing pulasitiki zovuta. Single screw extruder amakhalabe abwino pa ntchito zosavuta, zazikulu. Deta yamsika ikuwonetsa 6% CAGR ya ma screw extruder, kuwonetsa kufunikira kwakukulu komanso kufunika kwa mafakitale.
Mbali | Trend/Tanthauzo |
---|---|
Msika CAGR | ~6% (2024-2033) |
Ntchito Zamakampani | Pulasitiki, chakudya, mankhwala, mankhwala |
Gawo lazogulitsa | Co-rotating screw extruders imatsogolera kukula |
FAQ
Ndi zipangizo ziti zomwe pulasitiki amapasa wononga extruder ndondomeko?
A pulasitiki mapasa wononga extruderamanyamula polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, ABS, ndi mapulasitiki engineering. Imathandizira kuphatikiza, kuphatikiza, ndi kupanga masterbatch pamafakitale osiyanasiyana.
Kodi mapasa wononga extruder bwino kusanganikirana poyerekeza single wononga extruder?
Zomangira ziwiri zomangira zimagwiritsa ntchito zomangira za intermeshing. Zomangira izi zimapanga mphamvu zometa ubweya ndi zopondera. Izi zimatsimikizira kupezeka kwabwinoko kowonjezera komanso chinthu chofananira.
Kodi makina amapasa wononga extruder oyenera mapulasitiki obwezerezedwanso?
Inde. Njira yopangira makina a Twin screw extruderpulasitiki zobwezerezedwansobwino. Amapereka kuwongolera kolondola kwa kutentha ndi kusanganikirana kwapamwamba, komwe kumathandizira kutulutsa kwazinthu zobwezerezedwanso.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-26-2025